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	<title>alternativeenergyhub.com &#187; senator-dianne</title>
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		<title>City Utilities End Coal Fired Electricity Contracts in California</title>
		<link>http://alternativeenergyhub.com/alternative-energy/city-utilities-end-coal-fired-electricity-contracts-in-california/</link>
		<comments>http://alternativeenergyhub.com/alternative-energy/city-utilities-end-coal-fired-electricity-contracts-in-california/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 24 Nov 2006 17:52:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>James</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[alternative energy]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://alternativeenergyhub.com/?p=134</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ In what is hopefully the start of a new trend, several Southern California cities have decided not to renew long-term contracts for coal-fired electricity, choosing instead to turn to cleaner sources of electricity. City officials told Utah-based Intermountain Power Agency they wouldn't be renewing their contracts for coal-fired power, which expire in 2027, and would instead be looking for alternative energy sources. "It's a huge change," said Mayor Todd Campbell of Burbank, one of the cities that decided not to renew its contract. The cities are Pasadena , Glendale , Riverside and Anaheim . They join the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power , which has already choosen not to renew the contract with Intermountain. Currently coal fired electricity makes up a significant percentage of their power, for example Pasadena Water &#038; Power says that the Intermountain plant is 65 percent of our energy. Intermountain's general manager Reed Searle said the company had worked for three years on the renewals and was now looking at ways to modernize its plants to bring them into compliance with California's greenhouse gas legislation that takes effect on the first of January. The cities' decision came after increased pressure from politicians and environmentalists. Senator Dianne Feinstein wrote a letter to an umbrella group for the cities last week saying she was "shocked and dismayed" by an initial decision last month by Burbank to renew the contract. Phyllis Currie, general manager of Pasadena Water &#038; Power said the utilities wanted to explain how important Intermountain was to California cities. "It's a serious issue when you tell us to walk away from that," she said. The move could put Southern California in the forefront nationally of the commercial use of alternative energy in coming years. Intermountain has extended its renewal offer for power from the plants until 2023 from the previous deadline of May 2007 in the hope state regulators will let utility officials renew the contracts if greenhouse gases are reduced. Electricity utilities are starting to feel the pressure for "clean" coal .]]></description>
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<p>  is  start  new  Southern  have  to  contracts  electricity,  to  cleaner  electricity.  told  Power  wouldn&#8217;t  their  coal-fired  expire  and  be  alternative  &#8220;It&#8217;s  change,&#8221;  Todd  Burbank,  the  decided  renew  The  Pasadena  ,  Anaheim  join  Angeles  Water  ,  already  to  contract  Currently  electricity  a  of  for  Water  says  Intermountain  65  our  general  Searle  company  for  on  and  looking  to  plants  them  with  gas  takes  the  January.  decision  increased  politicians  Senator  wrote  to  group  cities  saying  &#8220;shocked  by  decision  by  renew  Phyllis  manager  Water  said  wanted  how  was  cities.  serious  you  to  from  said.  could  California  forefront  the  of  in  Intermountain  its  for  the  2023  previous  May  the  regulators  utility  the  greenhouse  reduced.  are  feel  for  .</p>
<p><img  more  original  target="_blank"  Utilities  Fired  in  End  Electricity  California</a></p>
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		<title>$402m Tidal Energy Plant For New Zealand</title>
		<link>http://alternativeenergyhub.com/alternative-energy/402m-tidal-energy-plant-for-new-zealand/</link>
		<comments>http://alternativeenergyhub.com/alternative-energy/402m-tidal-energy-plant-for-new-zealand/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 22 Nov 2006 18:30:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>James</dc:creator>
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		<category><![CDATA[tidal energy]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://alternativeenergyhub.com/?p=136</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ New Zealand’s Northern Advocate reports that a US $402 million (NZ $600m) proposal to generate electricity with 200 tidal-powered turbines submerged at the entrance to the Kaipara Harbour could get under way next year. The harbour is one of the largest in the world. It’s a broad shallow harbour covering an area of over three hundred square miles and has more than two thousand miles of shoreline. It has a two and a half mile wide entrance to the Tasman Sea halfway along its length. Although officially called a harbour, the Kaipara is rarely used for shipping, owing to the treacherous tides and bars at its mouth. For this reason, no large settlements lie close to its shores, although small communities dot its coastline. Crest Energy has applied to the Northland Regional Council for resource consent to set the 22m-tall turbines on the seafloor along about 8km of the 30m deep main channel at the harbour entrance. The tidal energy is expected to get the turbines generating 200 megawatts of power - enough for 250,000 homes. The turbines, shielded from fish, would sit on heavy concrete pylons and be at least 5m from the surface at low tide. Leisure craft and barges could pass over them, but would be restricted from anchoring in the turbine area. Two 30km-long cables 125mm in diameter would feed electricity into the national grid. Crest Energy claims the size and commercial scale of the Kaipara project would make it the largest of its kind in the world. If the project gets the green light, possibly around the middle of next year, the company plans to raise about $50 million to begin building turbines.]]></description>
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<p>  Northern  that  $402  $600m)  generate  200  submerged  entrance  Kaipara  get  next  harbour  of  in  Its  shallow  an  over  square  has  two  of  has  and  mile  to  Sea  its  officially  harbour,  is  for  to  tides  at  For  no  lie  its  small  its  Energy  to  Regional  resource  set  turbines  seafloor  8km  30m  channel  harbour  tidal  expected  the  200  power  for  The  from  sit  concrete  be  5m  surface  tide.  and  pass  but  restricted  in  area.  cables  diameter  electricity  national  Energy  size  scale  Kaipara  make  largest  kind  world.  project  green  around  of  the  to  $50  begin  src="http://alternativeenergyhub.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/012d889165d300px.jpg"  to  rest:<br  href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/AlternativeEnergyBlog/~3/Cmh1vqp-HWA/402m-tidal-energy-plant-for-new.html"  Energy  New  Energy  New ]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>Clean Coal or Dirty Coal?</title>
		<link>http://alternativeenergyhub.com/alternative-energy/clean-coal-or-dirty-coal/</link>
		<comments>http://alternativeenergyhub.com/alternative-energy/clean-coal-or-dirty-coal/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 03 Oct 2006 03:51:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>James</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[alternative energy]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://alternativeenergyhub.com/?p=142</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[When President Bush said “America is addicted to oil”, he could also have said that America is addicted to coal. Most Americans are not aware of the sheer scale of current coal use in the United States. Over 50% of electricity is generated from coal with 20 pounds of coal per a person being burnt every day to generate electricity. While questions are increasingly being raised about remaining oil and gas reserves, we are assured that there is plenty of coal left to burn. Indeed in a talk to a meeting of builders and contractors at the Capital Hilton on June 8, 2005 President Bush asked the audience, "Do you realize we've got 250 million years of coal?" Hopefully readers will spot this obvious gaffe. The figure quoted by the coal industry is 250 years of reserves, not 250 million years. The energy illiteracy of the average person is worrying enough, but in our political leadership it is a real cause for concern. There are an estimated one trillion tons of recoverable coal in the world, by far the largest reserve of fossil fuel left on the planet. The United States has over 25% of the world’s recoverable coal reserves. An important point to remember when considering how many years of coal we have left is that these figures are based on current rates of consumption and do no take into account growing demand for electricity. Since 1980 coal use for power generation has increased by over 75%. A good percentage of the coal that’s left is too dirty to be burned in conventional power plants and much of its buried in inconvenient places. In 1974 the USGS published an estimate of the recoverable reserve base at 243 billion tons. This however failed to take into account real world restrictions on mining: state and national parks, roads, towns, proximity to railroads, coal quality, losses during mining and geologic limitations. When these are factored in less than 50% of the coal estimated as “recoverable” in the 1974 study was available for mining. This fails to taken into account how much is economically recoverable at market prices. In a 1989 study by the U.S. Bureau of Mines in Kentucky, at $30 a ton 22% of coal was economically recoverable. The author Tim Rohrbacher wrote “a strong argument can be made that traditional coal producing regions may soon be experiencing resource depletion problems far greater and much sooner than previously thought”. Recently there has been a rise in suggestions that America should replace its addiction to oil, with diesel fuel made from American coal. There is currently in place a Coal-to-Liquids Tax Credit of $0.50/gallon in place until 2023. The idea has been around for a long while, in the second world war it was used by the Germans to make Nazi oil from coal when their supply of normal gasoline was cut off. I remember when I first started researching peak oil I realised after awhile if things got bad that coal rich countries might turn to making Nazi oil in desperation when petroleum depletion started to bite. Of course calls to start building Coal to Liquids plants aren’t proof that petroleum depletion is well advanced, but I hardly see it as a source for optimism. Fischer-Tropsch pilot plant You don’t need to be an expert on coal liquefaction to realise that it’s a bad idea as this article on AutoblogGreen shows. It’s expensive, uses lots of water, produces double the carbon dioxide when compared to regular petroleum use and produces diesel when the vast majority of the U.S. car fleet runs on gasoline. Over at the Ergosphere, the Engineer Poet crunches the numbers and compares coal to liquids versus electric vehicles . He calculates that to replace the United States petroleum consumption at current rates would take 214 four billion dollar coal to liquid plants (that’s not far off a trillion dollars in investment) and the mining of an additional one and a half billion tons of coal a year, in addition to the one billion tons already being mined for electricity generation. It should be noted that the high percentage of electricity currently produced from coal is not an argument against electric vehicles, this is something I have covered in detail elsewhere on this blog. Electric motors are inherently more efficient than the internal combustion engine. It is far easier to control emissions from large power plant, than from the exhausts of thousands of cars. Electric vehicles are not reliant on one source of energy and in the longer term polluting non-renewable sources of electricity can be replaced by clean alternative energy. The coal industry’s promotion of the idea that America has a vast reserve of coal is slowing the transition to clean renewable sources of energy. In addition to tv spots showing child actors extolling the virtues of coal , the industry has spent heavily to get the ear of the political establishment. According to the Center for Responsive Politics, Peabody Energy, the world’s largest coal company spent over 5% of its revenues on political contributions, for comparison Exxon Mobil and General Motors spent a fraction of one percent. In seeming return for such generosity, The Energy Policy Act of 2005 included five billion dollars of subsidies for the coal industry. Virtually every power plant built in America between 1975 and 2002 was fired by natural gas. However between 1970 and 2000, the amount of coal America used to generate electricity tripled. Now with natural gas prices rising steeply, U.S. power utilities are expected to build the equivalent of 280 500 megawatt coal-fired electricity power plants between 2003 and 2030. China is already constructing the equivalent of one large coal burning power plant a week with two thirds of energy production coming from dirty coal. 16 of the 20 most polluted cities in the world are in China. India is the third largest producer of coal in the world, also getting over two thirds of its energy from coal. If these new coal plants are built, they will add as much carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as has been released by all the coal burned in the last 250 years. Acid run off from coal mining Coal’s sale price may be low, but the true costs of its extraction, processing and consumption are high. Our use of coal leads to ravaged mountains , air pollution from acidic and toxic emissions and fouled water supplies. Coal mining is massively more invasive than oil or gas drilling. Coal burning power plants account for more than two-thirds of sulfur dioxide, 22% of nitrogen oxides, nearly 40% of carbon dioxide and a third of all mercury emissions in the United States. Results of the largest mercury hair sampling project in the U.S. found mercury levels exceeding the EPA’s recommended limit of one microgram of mercury per gram of hair in one in five women of childbearing age tested. Each year coal plants produce about 130 million tons of solid waste, about three times more than all the municipal garbage in the U.S. The American Lung Association calculates that around 24,000 people a year die prematurely from the effects of coal fired power plant pollution. Techniques for addressing CO2 emissions exist, although the will to quickly implement them lags. The techniques electric utilities could apply to keep much of the carbon dioxide they produce from entering the atmosphere are known as CO2 capture or geological carbon sequestration. This involves separating the CO2 as it is created and pumping it underground to be stored. Until recently I wasn’t aware that all the technological components needed for carbon sequestration are commercially ready (according to an article in September’s Scientific American magazine ) as they have already been proven in applications unrelated to avoidance of climate change. However integrated systems have yet to be built on a commercial scale. Capture technologies have been deployed extensively throughout the world both in the manufacture of chemicals (e.g. fertilizer) and in the purification of natural gas. Industry has gained experience with CO2 storage in operations to purify natural gas, principally in Canada, as well as using carbon dioxide to boost oil production, mainly in the United States. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) estimated in 2005 that it is highly likely that geologic locations worldwide are capable of sequestering at least two trillion metric tons of CO2 - more than is likely to be produced by fossil fuel consuming power plants this century. Carbon sequestration is not without risk. The two main risks are sudden escape and gradual leakage of carbon dioxide. In 1986 at Lake Nyos in Cameroon, Africa carbon dioxide originating from a volcano killed over 1,700 people. However according to IPCC this is unlikely for engineered CO2 storage in carefully selected, deep porous geologic rock formations. In regard to gradual leakage the IPCC estimated in 2005 that in excess of 99% of carbon sequestered is “very likely” to remain in place for at least one hundred years. Studies indicate that 85%-95% of the carbon in coal could be sequestered using existing power generation technologies. A key point is that fundamentally different approaches to carbon capture would need to be pursued for power plants using the old pulverised coal technology as opposed to the newer integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC). IGCC plants use heat and pressure to cook off impurities in coal and convert it into a synthetic gas, this gas is then burnt in a turbine. These plants are 10% more efficient than conventional plants, consume 40% less water, produce 50% less solid waste and burn almost as cleanly as natural gas plants. Although building IGCC power plants is slightly more expensive (10%-20%), IGCC is likely to be the most effective and cheapest option for carbon capture. In an IGCC plant designed to capture CO2 the syngas exiting the gasifier, after being cooled and cleaned of particles, would be reacted with steam to make a gas made up mainly of CO2 and hydrogen. The CO2 would then be extracted and pumped to a storage site. The remaining hydrogen would be burned to generate more power. Captured carbon dioxide can by piped up to several hundred miles to a suitable geologic storage site. A recent study found that for carbon capture in a saline formation one hundred kilometers from a power plant would cost an additional 1.9 cents per kilowatt-hour (over the generation cost of 4.7 cents per kilowatt-hour for a coal IGCC plant that vents carbon dioxide), making a 40% premium. With coal generation costing 6.6 cents for a kilowatt hour, this would make wind power cheaper than coal and with technology advances could also provide a boost to other renewable energy sources (e.g. concentrating solar power). However electricity producers are rushing to build conventional coal pulverisation power plants, just as they rushed to build coal plants without sulfur scrubbers prior to legislation coming into force. This is short-sighted as it is more expensive, more energy intensive and less effective to attempt to capture carbon from conventional coal power plants. It is highly likely that having built these plants, that the coal industry would expect the taxpayer to foot the bill for the additional expense. Of the one hundred or so plants being planned or under construction in America only a handful use IGCC technology. Proposed Design for FutureGen FutureGen , is the Department of Energy financed one billion dollar zero emissions plant intended to turn coal into electricity and hydrogen. Proposed in 2003 and backed by a consortium of coal and electric companies, it is not due to come online until at least 2013. Many in the industry consider this date to be dubious nicknaming the project NeverGen. It is intended to make it look like the coal industry is doing something, while actually doing very little and in the process putting off changing how coal plants are built for a decade or two. Indeed in its Coal Vision report (pdf), the industry does not plan on building “ultra-low emissions” plants on a commerical scale until between 2025 and 2035. According to the report “there is considerable debate about the need to reduce CO2 emissions”. The report also states that “achieving meaningful CO2 reductions would require significant technical advances”. The report further states “large scale and long term demonstrations of carbon sequestration technologies over a geographically and geologically diverse range of... sites are needed before making any policy decisions concerning carbon management”. The coal industry wants sequestration to be demonstrated not only in the United States but additionally “similar assessments need to be conducted internationally”. In terms of who should pay for these demonstrations the report writes “the government must play a significant role”. It sounds that if the coal industry has its way, it won’t be using carbon capture for many decades. Instead of waiting until 2013 or even 2035, the coal industry could be building IGCC power plants with carbon capture now. The rush to build conventional coal pulverisation plants is extremely short sighted as these plants could be operating for the next fifty years or more. In the first instance I advocate maximising our use of clean renewable energy. At the moment wind power is being used to generate only 0.5% of electricity in the United States. Using existing technology wind power could cost effecively generate a significant portion of many countries electricity supply. Significant sums of money should also be invested in making solar power and wave power more cost effective, as well as investments in energy long shots such as cellulosic ethanol and fusion power. If we are going to continue to use coal as global society as a major source of energy, which seems pretty much inevitable for at least the next few decades in key countries such as the United States, China &#038; India, then we should be building IGCC power plants with carbon capture and retiring existing dirty coal plants now. If there are unforeseen problems with carbon capture, we need to find out now rather than in a few decades time. The coal industry's business as usual attitude is simply not acceptable. Jeff Goodell in his recent book “Big Coal” concludes, “coal gives us a false sense of security, if we run out of gas and oil, we can just switch over to coal… the most dangerous things about our continued dependence on coal is it preserves the illusion that we don’t have to change our thinking”. Further Reading: “ Big Coal ” by Jeff Goodell “What to Do About Coal?” in Scientific American September, 2006 Lively Discussion of Coal to Liquids Coal Vision by the Coal Based Generation Stakeholders Group Mountaintop Removal A Quick Guide to Mountaintop Removal Coal Mining When Will Coal Production Peak? ]]></description>
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<p>When  said  addicted  he  have  America  to  Americans  aware  sheer  current  in  States.  of  generated  with  of  a  burnt  to  While  increasingly  about  and  we  that  plenty  left  Indeed  talk  meeting  and  the  on  2005  asked  &#8220;Do  we&#8217;ve  million  coal?&#8221;  will  obvious  figure  the  is  of  250  The  of  person  enough,  our  it  real  concern.  an  trillion  recoverable  the  far  reserve  fuel  the  United  over  the  coal  important  remember  how  of  have  that  are  current  consumption  no  account  for  1980  for  has  over  good  the  left  dirty  burned  power  much  buried  places.  the  an  the  base  billion  however  take  real  on  and  roads,  to  quality,  mining  limitations.  are  less  of  estimated  in  study  for  fails  into  much  recoverable  prices.  1989  the  of  Kentucky,  a  of  economically  author  wrote  argument  made  coal  may  experiencing  problems  and  than  Recently  been  in  America  its  oil,  fuel  American  is  place  Tax  $0.50/gallon  until  idea  around  long  the  war  used  Germans  Nazi  coal  supply  gasoline  off.  when  started  oil  after  things  that  countries  to  oil  when  started  Of  to  Coal  plants  that  is  but  see  a  optimism.  plant  need  an  coal  realise  a  as  on  Its  lots  produces  carbon  compared  petroleum  produces  the  of  car  on  at  the  crunches  and  to  electric  He  to  United  consumption  rates  214  dollar  liquid  not  a  in  the  an  and  billion  coal  in  the  tons  mined  generation.  be  the  of  produced  is  argument  vehicles,  something  covered  elsewhere  blog.  are  efficient  internal  It  easier  emissions  power  from  of  cars.  are  on  of  in  term  sources  can  by  energy.  industrys  the  America  vast  coal  the  clean  of  addition  spots  actors  virtues  ,  has  to  ear  political  to  for  Peabody  worlds  company  5%  revenues  contributions,  Exxon  General  a  one  seeming  such  Energy  of  five  of  the  Virtually  plant  America  and  fired  gas.  1970  the  coal  to  tripled.  natural  rising  power  expected  the  280  coal-fired  plants  and  is  the  one  burning  a  two  energy  from  16  20  cities  world  China.  the  producer  in  also  two  its  coal.  new  are  will  much  to  as  released  the  in  250  run  coal  sale  be  the  of  processing  are  use  leads  mountains  pollution  and  and  supplies.  is  invasive  or  Coal  plants  more  of  22%  oxides,  of  and  of  emissions  United  of  mercury  project  U.S.  levels  EPAs  of  of  gram  in  five  childbearing  Each  plants  130  of  about  more  the  in  The  Association  around  a  prematurely  effects  fired  pollution.  addressing  exist,  will  implement  The  utilities  to  of  dioxide  from  atmosphere  as  or  sequestration.  separating  as  created  it  be  recently  aware  the  needed  sequestration  ready  an  Septembers  magazine  they  been  applications  avoidance  change.  systems  to  on  scale.  have  extensively  world  the  chemicals  and  purification  gas.  gained  CO2  operations  natural  in  well  carbon  boost  mainly  United  Intergovernmental  Climate  IPCC  in  it  likely  locations  capable  at  trillion  of  more  likely  produced  fuel  plants  Carbon  not  The  risks  escape  leakage  dioxide.  at  in  carbon  from  killed  people.  to  is  engineered  in  deep  rock  regard  leakage  estimated  that  of  carbon  very  remain  for  one  Studies  85  carbon  could  using  generation  key  that  approaches  capture  to  for  using  pulverised  as  the  gasification  (IGCC).  use  pressure  off  coal  it  synthetic  gas  burnt  turbine.  are  efficient  plants,  less  50%  waste  almost  as  plants.  IGCC  is  expensive  is  be  effective  option  capture.  IGCC  to  the  the  being  cleaned  would  with  make  made  of  hydrogen.  would  extracted  to  site.  hydrogen  burned  more  carbon  by  to  miles  suitable  site.  study  for  in  formation  kilometers  power  cost  1.9  kilowatt-hour  generation  4.7  kilowatt-hour  coal  that  dioxide),  40%  coal  6.6  a  this  wind  than  with  could  a  other  sources  solar  electricity  rushing  conventional  power  as  to  plants  scrubbers  legislation  force.  short-sighted  is  more  and  to  capture  conventional  plants.  highly  having  plants,  coal  expect  to  bill  additional  the  or  being  under  America  handful  technology.  for  ,  Department  financed  dollar  plant  turn  electricity  Proposed  and  a  coal  companies,  not  come  at  Many  industry  date  dubious  project  is  make  like  industry  something,  doing  and  process  changing  plants  for  or  in  Vision  the  not  building  plants  commerical  between  2035.  the  is  about  to  emissions.  also  achieving  reductions  significant  The  states  and  demonstrations  sequestration  a  geologically  of&#8230;  needed  any  concerning  The  wants  be  only  United  additionally  need  conducted  terms  should  these  report  government  a  It  if  industry  way,  be  capture  decades.  waiting  or  the  could  IGCC  with  now.  to  coal  is  sighted  plants  operating  next  or  the  I  our  clean  At  wind  being  generate  of  the  Using  wind  cost  a  of  electricity  sums  should  invested  solar  wave  cost  well  in  shots  cellulosic  fusion  we  to  use  global  a  of  seems  inevitable  least  few  key  as  States,  India,  should  IGCC  with  and  dirty  now.  are  with  we  find  rather  a  time.  industry&#8217;s  usual  simply  Jeff  his  Big  coal  a  of  we  of  oil,  just  to  most  about  dependence  is  the  we  to  thinking.      Goodell  Do  in  September,  Discussion  to  Vision  Coal  Stakeholders  Removal  Guide  Removal  When  Production  src="http://alternativeenergyhub.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/e282eaa6dbamd-2-112x150.jpg"  original  target="_blank"  Coal  Coal?">Clean  Dirty ]]></content:encoded>
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